National Forest Funds (NFFs) represent a significant funding source for the forest sector globally. Integrating biodiversity in these domestic financing instruments could be an opportunity to increase financing flows for biodiversity conservation and the provision of ecosystem services.

In this paper, we analysed three NFF case studies (Costa Rica, Morocco, and Vietnam) in order to assess, with operational examples, if and to what extent NFFs already operate on Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES) or PES-like mechanisms.

The analysis highlights the fact that all the evaluated NFFs have PES-like mechanism characteristics and that NFFs could play a relevant intermediary role between ecosystem services providers and buyers. While several countries are in the process of establishing or reforming NFFs, there is a window of opportunity to mainstream biodiversity objectives in NFFs, including for PES-like schemes.

We also derived policy and management recommendations from the analysis with the aim of supporting the design or reform of NFFs, considering biodiversity conservation and the provision of ecosystem services objectives. The article finally draws attention to how these orientations could be applied to one of the NFF case studies, i.e. Morocco.

国家森林基金（NFF）是全球森林部门的重要资金来源。将生物多样性纳入这些国内筹资手段可能是增加生物多样性保护和提供生态系统服务的资金流量的机会。

在本文中，我们分析了三个NFF案例研究（哥斯达黎加，摩洛哥和越南），以通过操作示例评估NFF是否已经在何种程度上运作了生态系统服务付款（PES）或类似PES的机制。

分析强调了一个事实，即所有评估的非农林都具有类似于PES的机制特征，并且非农林可在生态系统服务提供者和购买者之间发挥相应的中介作用。尽管有几个国家正在建立或改革国家森林框架，但仍有机会将生物多样性目标纳入国家森林框架主流，包括类似PES计划的机会。

我们还从分析中得出了政策和管理建议，目的是在考虑生物多样性保护和提供生态系统服务目标的情况下，支持国家森林基金会的设计或改革。文章最后提请注意如何将这些方向应用于NFF案例研究之一，即摩洛哥。