The successful resolution of ever-changing conflicting contexts requires efficient cognitive control. Previous studies have found similar neural patterns in conflict processing for different modalities using an event-related potential (ERP) approach and have concluded that cognitive control is supramodal. However, recent behavioral studies have found that conflict adaptation (a phenomenon with the reduction of congruency effect in the current trial after an incongruent trial as compared with a congruent trial) could not transfer across visual and auditory modalities and suggested that cognitive control is modality-specific, challenging the supramodal view. These discrepancies may have also arisen from methodological differences across studies. The current study examined the electroencephalographic profiles of a Stroop-like task to elucidate the modality-specific neural mechanisms of cognitive control. Participants were instructed to respond to a target always coming from the visual modality while disregarding the distractor coming from either the auditory or the visual modality. The results revealed significant congruency effects on both behavioral indices, i.e., reaction time and error rate, and ERP components, including the P3 and the conflict slow potential. Besides, the congruency effects on the amplitude of the P3 showed a negative correlation with reaction time, indicating an intrinsic link between these neural and behavioral indices. Furthermore, in the modality-repetition condition, conflict adaptation effects were significant on both reaction time and P3 amplitude, and the reaction time could be predicted by the P3 amplitude, while such effects were not observed in the modality-alternation condition. The time–frequency analysis also showed that conflict adaptation occurred in the modality-repetition condition, but not in the modality-alternation condition in low frequency bands, including the theta (4–8 Hz), alpha (8–12 Hz), and beta1 (12–20 Hz) bands. Taken together, our results revealed modality-specific patterns of the conflict adaptation effects on the P3 amplitude and oscillatory power (in theta, alpha, and beta1 bands), providing neural evidence for the modality specificity of cognitive control and expanding the boundaries of cognitive control.

成功解决不断变化的冲突环境需要有效的认知控制。先前的研究发现，使用事件相关电位（ERP）方法在不同模式的冲突处理中存在类似的神经模式，并得出结论认为认知控制是超模式的。但是，最近的行为研究发现，冲突适应（与一致的试验相比，在不一致的试验后，当前试验中一致性效应降低的现象）无法在视觉和听觉方式之间转移，并表明认知控制是一种模式-具挑战性的超模态观点。这些差异也可能是由于研究之间方法上的差异而引起的。当前的研究检查了Stroop样任务的脑电图，以阐明认知控制的特定于形式的神经机制。指示参与者应对始终来自视觉形态的目标做出反应，而忽略来自听觉或视觉形态的干扰物。结果显示，这两个行为指标（例如反应时间和错误率）以及ERP组件（包括P3和冲突慢势）都具有显着的一致性。此外，P3振幅的一致性影响与反应时间呈负相关，表明这些神经指标和行为指标之间存在内在联系。此外，在模态重复条件下，冲突适应对反应时间和P3振幅均具有显着影响，反应时间可以通过P3振幅来预测，而在模态交替条件下则没有观察到这种影响。时频分析还表明，冲突适应发生在模态重复条件下，但在低频频带（包括theta（4-8 Hz），alpha（8-12 Hz）和beta1（12–20 Hz）频段。两者合计，我们的研究结果揭示了冲突适应对P3振幅和振荡能力（在theta，alpha和beta1波段）的特定于模式的模式，为认知控制的模式特异性和扩展认知控制的范围提供了神经证据。 。时频分析还表明，冲突适应发生在模态重复条件下，但在低频频带（包括theta（4-8 Hz），alpha（8-12 Hz）和beta1（12–20 Hz）频段。两者合计，我们的研究结果揭示了冲突适应对P3振幅和振荡能力（在theta，alpha和beta1波段）的特定于模式的模式，为认知控制的模式特异性和扩展认知控制的范围提供了神经证据。 。时频分析还表明，冲突适应发生在模态重复条件下，但在低频频带（包括theta（4-8 Hz），alpha（8-12 Hz）和beta1（12–20 Hz）频段。两者合计，我们的研究结果揭示了冲突适应对P3振幅和振荡能力（在theta，alpha和beta1波段）的特定于模式的模式，为认知控制的模式特异性和扩展认知控制的范围提供了神经证据。 。