There is evidence that drivers’ behaviour adapts after using different advanced driving assistance systems. For instance, drivers’ headway during car-following reduces after using adaptive cruise control. However, little is known about whether, and how, drivers’ behaviour will change if they experience automated car-following, and how this is affected by engagement in non-driving-related tasks (NDRT). The aim of this driving simulator study, conducted as part of the H2020 L3Pilot project, was to address this topic. We also investigated the effect of the presence of a lead vehicle during the resumption of control, on subsequent manual driving behaviour. Thirty-two participants were divided into two experimental groups. During automated car-following, one group was engaged in an NDRT (SAE Level 3), while the other group was free to look around the road environment (SAE Level 2). Both groups were exposed to Long (1.5 s) and Short (.5 s) Time Headway (THW) conditions during automated car-following, and resumed control both with and without a lead vehicle. All post-automation manual drives were compared to a Baseline Manual Drive, which was recorded at the start of the experiment. Drivers in both groups significantly reduced their time headway in all post-automation drives, compared to a Baseline Manual Drive. There was a greater reduction in THW after drivers resumed control in the presence of a lead vehicle, and also after they had experienced a shorter THW during automated car-following. However, whether drivers were in L2 or L3 did not appear to influence the change in mean THW. Subjective feedback suggests that drivers appeared not to be aware of the changes to their driving behaviour, but preferred longer THWs in automation. Our results suggest that automated driving systems should adopt longer THWs in car-following situations, since drivers’ behavioural adaptation may lead to adoption of unsafe headways after resumption of control.

有证据表明，在使用不同的高级驾驶辅助系统后，驾驶员的行为会适应。例如，在使用自适应巡航控制后，驾驶员在驾车过程中的前进距离会减少。但是，对于驾驶员是否会自动驾驶汽车，是否会改变行为以及如何改变行为，以及与非驾驶相关任务（NDRT）的参与如何影响，知之甚少。作为H2020 L3Pilot项目的一部分进行的这项驾驶模拟器研究的目的是解决这个问题。我们还研究了在恢复控制过程中领先车辆的存在对后续手动驾驶行为的影响。三十二名参与者分为两个实验组。在自动跟踪汽车过程中，一组参加了NDRT（SAE 3级），而另一组则可以随意查看道路环境（SAE 2级）。两组在自动跟车过程中均处于长时间（1.5 s）和短暂（.5 s）时距（THW）条件下，并在有无前导车辆的情况下恢复控制。将所有自动化后的手动驱动器与“基线手动驱动器”进行比较，该“基线手动驱动器”在实验开始时进行了记录。与基线手动驱动器相比，两组驱动器在所有自动化后驱动器中的时间都大大减少了。驾驶员在有铅车辆的情况下恢复控制之后，以及在自动跟车过程中经历了较短的THW之后，THW的降低幅度更大。但是，驾驶员是处于L2还是L3似乎都不会影响平均THW的变化。主观反馈表明，驾驶员似乎并不了解其驾驶行为的变化，而是倾向于在自动化中使用更长的THW。我们的结果表明，在跟车情况下，自动驾驶系统应采用更长的THW，因为驾驶员的行为适应可能导致恢复控制后采用不安全的车道。