Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a new type of coronavirus that causes the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), which has been the most challenging pandemic in this century. Considering its high mortality and rapid spread, an effective vaccine is urgently needed to control this pandemic. As a result, the academia, industry, and government sectors are working tightly together to develop and test a variety of vaccines at an unprecedented pace. In this review, we outline the essential coronavirus biological characteristics that are important for vaccine design. In addition, we summarize key takeaways from previous vaccination studies of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV), highlighting the pros and cons of each immunization strategy. Finally, based on these prior vaccination experiences, we discuss recent progress and potential challenges of COVID-19 vaccine development.

中文翻译：

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冠状病毒疫苗开发：从 SARS 和 MERS 到 COVID-19

严重急性呼吸系统综合症冠状病毒 2 (SARS-CoV-2) 是一种新型冠状病毒，可引起 2019 年冠状病毒病 (COVID-19)，这是本世纪最具挑战性的流行病。考虑到其高死亡率和快速传播，迫切需要一种有效的疫苗来控制这种流行病。因此，学术界、工业界和政府部门正在紧密合作，以前所未有的速度开发和测试各种疫苗。在这篇综述中，我们概述了对疫苗设计很重要的冠状病毒的基本生物学特征。此外，我们还总结了以往严重急性呼吸系统综合症冠状病毒（SARS-CoV）和中东呼吸系统综合症冠状病毒（MERS-CoV）疫苗接种研究的关键要点，强调了每种免疫策略的优缺点。最后，根据这些先前的疫苗接种经验，我们讨论了 COVID-19 疫苗开发的最新进展和潜在挑战。