Background The molecular out of Africa hypothesis, OOAH, has been considered as an established fact amid population geneticists for some 25–30 years despite the early concern with it among phylogeneticists with experience beyond that of Homo . The palaeontological support for the hypothesis is also questionable, a circumstance that in the light of expanding Eurasian palaeontological knowledge has become accentuated through the last decades. Results The direction of evolution in the phylogenetic tree of modern humans ( Homo sapiens sapiens , Hss ) was established inter alia by applying progressive phylogenetic analysis to an mtDNA sampling that included a Eurasian, Lund, and the African Mbuti, San and Yoruba. The examination identified the African populations as paraphyletic, thereby compromising the OOAH. The finding, which was consistent with the out of Eurasia hypothesis, OOEH, was corroborated by the mtDNA introgression from Hss into Hsnn (Neanderthals) that demonstrated the temporal and physical Eurasian coexistence of the two lineages. The results are consistent with the palaeontologically established presence of H. erectus in Eurasia, a Eurasian divergence between H. sapiens and H. antecessor ≈ 850,000 YBP, an Hs divergence between Hss and Hsn (Neanderthals + Denisovans) ≈ 800,000 YBP, an mtDNA introgression from Hss into Hsnn* ≈ 500,000 YBP and an Eurasian divergence among the ancestors of extant Hss ≈ 250,000 YBP at the exodus of Mbuti/San into Africa. Conclusions The present study showed that Eurasia was not the receiver but the donor in Hss evolution. The findings that Homo left Africa as erectus and returned as sapiens sapiens constitute a change in the understanding of Hs evolution to one that conforms to the extensive Eurasian record of Hs palaeontology and archaeology.

中文翻译：

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人类系统发育的逆转：人类以直立人的身份离开非洲，以智人的身份回归

背景 大约 25 到 30 年来，来自非洲的分子假说 OOAH 在种群遗传学家中被认为是一个既定事实，尽管在具有超越人类经验的系统发生学家中早期关注它。对该假说的古生物学支持也值得怀疑，鉴于欧亚古生物学知识的扩展，这种情况在过去几十年中变得更加突出。结果现代人类（智人，Hss）的系统发育树的进化方向是通过将渐进系统发育分析应用于包括欧亚、隆德和非洲的姆布提、桑和约鲁巴的 mtDNA 样本而建立的。该检查将非洲种群确定为并系群，从而危及 OOAH。这一发现，这与欧亚大陆之外的假设 OOEH 一致，mtDNA 从 Hss 到 Hsnn（尼安德特人）的渗入证实了这两个谱系在时间和物理上的欧亚共存。结果与古生物学上确定的欧亚直立人存在一致，智人与前人之间的欧亚分歧≈850,000 YBP，Hss与Hsn（尼安德特人+丹尼索瓦人）之间的Hs分歧≈800,000 mDNA进入从 Hss 到 Hsnn* ≈ 500,000 YBP 以及在 Mbuti/San 迁徙到非洲时现存 Hss 的祖先之间的欧亚分歧 ≈ 250,000 YBP。结论 本研究表明，欧亚大陆不是 Hss 进化的接受者而是捐赠者。