An evolutionary model for sex differences in disease risk posits that alleles conferring higher risk in one sex may be protective in the other. These sexually antagonistic (SA) alleles are predicted to be maintained at frequencies higher than expected under purifying selection against unconditionally deleterious alleles, but there are apparently no examples in humans. Discipline-specific terminology, rather than a genuine lack of such alleles, could explain this disparity. We undertook a two-stage review of evidence for SA polymorphisms in humans using search terms from (i) evolutionary biology and (ii) biomedicine. While the first stage returned no eligible studies, the second revealed 51 genes with sex-opposite effects, 22 increased disease risk or severity in one sex but protected the other. Those with net positive effects occurred at higher frequencies. None were referred to as SA. Our review reveals significant communication barriers to fields as a result of discipline-specific terminology.

中文翻译：

---

系统评价显示多种影响人类疾病和复杂性状的性拮抗多态性

疾病风险中性别差异的进化模型认为，等位基因在一种性别中具有较高的风险可能在另一种性别中具有保护作用。预计这些性拮抗（SA）等位基因的频率要高于针对无条件有害等位基因的纯化选择所预期的频率，但是在人类中显然没有任何实例。特定于学科的术语，而不是真正缺乏此类等位基因，可以解释这种差异。我们使用（i）进化生物学和（ii）生物医学的搜索词对人类SA多态性的证据进行了两阶段审查。尽管第一阶段未进行任何合格的研究，但第二阶段揭示了51种具有相反性别效应的基因，其中22种基因增加了一种性别的疾病风险或严重程度，但保护了另一种性别。那些具有净积极影响的人出现的频率更高。没有一个被称为SA。我们的评论揭示了由于特定学科的术语而造成的重大交流障碍。