Neotropical swarm-founding wasps are divided into 19 genera in the tribe Epiponini (Vespidae, Polistinae). They display extensive variation in several colony-level traits that make them an attractive model system for reconstructing the evolution of social phenotypes, including caste dimorphism and nest architecture. Epiponini has been upheld as a solid monophyletic group in most phylogenetic analyses carried out so far, supported by molecular, morphological and behavioural data. Recent molecular studies, however, propose different relationships among the genera of swarm-founding wasps. This study is based on the most comprehensive epiponine sampling so far and was analyzed by combining morphological, nesting and molecular data. The resulting phylogenetic hypothesis shows many of the traditional clades but still impacts the way certain behavioural characters, such as nest structure and castes, evolved, and thus requires some re-interpretations. Angiopolybia as sister to the remaining Epiponini implies that nest envelopes and a casteless system are plesiomorphic in the tribe. Molecular dating points to an early tribal diversification during the Eocene (c. 55–38 Ma), with the major differentiation of current genera concentrated in the Oligocene/Miocene boundary.

中文翻译：

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Marimbondos：新热带蜂群建立黄蜂的系统学、生物地理学和社会行为进化（膜翅目：黄蜂科：Epiponini）

新热带蜂群建立的黄蜂在 Epiponini (Vespidae, Polistinae) 部落中分为 19 个属。它们在几个群体级特征中表现出广泛的变化，这使它们成为重建社会表型进化的有吸引力的模型系统，包括种姓二态性和巢穴结构。Epiponini 在迄今为止进行的大多数系统发育分析中都被认为是一个坚实的单系群，并得到分子、形态学和行为学数据的支持。然而，最近的分子研究提出了蜂群建立黄蜂属之间的不同关系。本研究基于迄今为止最全面的epponine采样，并通过结合形态学、嵌套和分子数据进行分析。作为剩余Epiponini的姐妹，血管多毛症意味着巢穴和无种姓制度在部落中是多形的。分子测年表明始新世（约 55-38 Ma）早期的部落多样化，当前属的主要分化集中在渐新世/中新世边界。