Transgender and gender diverse (TGD) people are increasingly visible in U.S. communities and in national media. With this increased visibility, access to gender affirming healthcare is also on the rise, particularly for urban youth. Political backlash and entrenchment in a gender binary, however, continue to marginalize TGD people, increasing risk for health disparities. The 2016 National Institute of Health recognition of sexual and gender minority people as a health disparities population increases available funding for much‐needed research. In this article, we speak to the need for a biocultural human biology of gender/sex diversity by delineating factors that influence physiological functioning, mental health, and physical health of TGD people. We propose that many of these factors can best be investigated with minimally invasively collected biomarker samples (MICBS) and discuss how to integrate MICBS into research inclusive of TGD people. Research use of MICBS among TGD people remains limited, and wider use could enable essential biological and health data to be collected from a population often excluded from research. We provide a broad overview of terminology and current literature, point to key research questions, and address potential challenges researchers might face when aiming to integrate MCIBS in research inclusive of transgender and gender diverse people. We argue that, when used effectively, MICBS can enhance human biologists' ability to empirically measure physiology and health‐related outcomes and enable more accurate identification of pathways linking human experience, embodiment, and health.

中文翻译：

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跨性别和性别多样化体验与健康的生物文化方法：整合生物标志物并推进性别/性研究

跨性别和性别多样化 (TGD) 人在美国社区和国家媒体中越来越多地出现。随着知名度的提高，获得性别肯定的医疗保健的机会也在增加，特别是对于城市青年。然而，性别二元论中的政治反弹和根深蒂固，继续使 TGD 人边缘化，增加健康差异的风险。2016 年美国国立卫生研究院将性少数群体和性别少数群体确认为健康差距人口，增加了用于急需研究的可用资金。在本文中，我们通过描绘影响 TGD 人生理机能、心理健康和身体健康的因素来讨论对性别/性别多样性的生物文化人类生物学的需求。我们建议，可以通过微创收集的生物标志物样本 (MICBS) 来最好地研究这些因素中的许多因素，并讨论如何将 MICBS 整合到包括 TGD 人群在内的研究中。MICBS 在 TGD 人群中的研究使用仍然有限，更广泛的使用可以从经常被排除在研究之外的人群中收集基本的生物学和健康数据。我们提供术语和当前文献的广泛概述，指出关键研究问题，并解决研究人员在旨在将 MCIBS 纳入包括跨性别和性别多样化人群的研究时可能面临的潜在挑战。我们认为，当有效使用时，MICBS 可以增强人类生物学家经验测量生理学和健康相关结果的能力，并能够更准确地识别连接人类经验的途径，