Little is empirically known about the contribution of mutations to fitness in natural environments. However, Fisher's Geometric Model (FGM) provides a conceptual foundation to consider the influence of the environment on mutational effects. To quantify mutational properties in the field, we established eight sets of MA lines (7-10 generations) derived from eight founders collected from natural populations of Arabidopsis thaliana from French and Swedish sites, representing the range margins of the species in Europe. We reciprocally planted the MA lines and their founders at French and Swedish sites, allowing us to test predictions of FGM under naturally occurring environmental conditions. The performance of the MA lines relative to each other and to their respective founders confirmed some and contradicted other predictions of the FGM: the contribution of mutation to fitness variance increased when the genotype was in an environment where its fitness was low, i.e., in the away environment, but mutations were more likely to be beneficial when the genotype was in its home environment. Consequently, environmental context plays a large role in the contribution of mutations to evolutionary process and local adaptation does not guarantee that a genotype is at or close to its optimum. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

中文翻译：

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拟南芥自然种群突变的适应性效应揭示了局部适应的复杂影响

关于自然环境中突变对适应度的贡献的经验知之甚少。然而，Fisher 几何模型 (FGM) 为考虑环境对突变效应的影响提供了概念基础。为了量化该领域的突变特性，我们建立了八组 MA 系（7-10 代），它们来自从法国和瑞典地点的拟南芥自然种群中收集的八个创始人，代表欧洲物种的范围边缘。我们在法国和瑞典的地点互惠地种植 MA 线及其创始人，使我们能够在自然发生的环境条件下测试 FGM 的预测。MA 线相对于彼此及其各自创始人的表现证实了 FGM 的一些预测，并与其他预测相矛盾：当基因型处于其适应度较低的环境中时，即在远离环境中，突变对适应度方差的贡献增加，但当基因型在其家庭环境中时，突变更有可能有益。因此，环境背景在突变对进化过程的贡献中起着重要作用，局部适应并不能保证基因型处于或接近其最佳状态。本文受版权保护。版权所有。环境背景在突变对进化过程的贡献中起着重要作用，局部适应并不能保证基因型处于或接近其最佳状态。本文受版权保护。版权所有。环境背景在突变对进化过程的贡献中起着重要作用，局部适应并不能保证基因型处于或接近其最佳状态。本文受版权保护。版权所有。