Post-grafting methodologies were used to prepare aryl-organosulfonic acid functionalized silica nanoparticles (SO₃H-aryl-SiO₂NPs) as highly active heterogeneous acid catalysts for catalytic esterification of free fatty acids (FFA) and levulinic acid (LA), and aldol condensation of furfural with 3-methylfuran, well known renewable feedstocks for biodiesel and fuel additives production. The chemical and structural characterization of the SO₃H-aryl-SiO₂NPs confirmed the success of the functionalization. Complete conversion for all FFA was observed using SO₃H-aryl-SiO₂NPs after 2 h of reaction. SiO₂NPs_CSPTMS showed to be the most active and stable catalyst with no significant loss of activity in the first 5 cycles. In the LA esterification in the presence of an alcohol, complete conversion and selectivity and high reusability were observed (e.g., 83.2% yield after 10 cycles in the presence of 1-propanol, SiO₂NPs10_CSPTMS, at 120 °C and 2h reaction). Finally, aldol condensation of furfural and 3-methylfuran had been performed using SiO₂NPs_CSPTMS catalysts with almost 100% yield after 10 min at 65 °C, high stability and reusability for 7 catalytic cycles.

In general, the prepared SO₃H-aryl-SiO₂NPs have demonstrated promising catalytic performance for transformation of biomass-derived feedstocks into biodiesel and fuel additives.

接枝后方法用于制备芳基-有机磺酸官能化的二氧化硅纳米粒子（SO ₃ H-芳基-SiO ₂ NPs）作为高活性多相酸催化剂，用于游离脂肪酸（FFA）和乙酰丙酸（LA）的催化酯化，以及糠醛与3-甲基呋喃的醛醇缩合反应，3-甲基呋喃是用于生物柴油和燃料添加剂生产的著名可再生原料。SO ₃ H-芳基-SiO ₂ NPs的化学和结构表征证实了功能化的成功。反应2小时后，使用SO ₃ H-芳基-SiO ₂ NPs观察到所有FFA的完全转化。二氧化硅₂NPs_CSPTMS被证明是最活跃和最稳定的催化剂，在前5个循环中没有明显的活性损失。在乙醇存在下的LA酯化反应中，观察到完全的转化率和选择性和高可重复使用性（例如，在1-丙醇，SiO ₂ NPs10_CSPTMS存在下，在120°C和2h反应下进行10个循环后，产率为83.2％）。最后，使用SiO ₂ NPs_CSPTMS催化剂进行了糠醛和3-甲基呋喃的醛醇缩合，在65°C下放置10分钟后，收率接近100％，具有7个催化循环的高稳定性和可重复使用性。

通常，所制备的SO ₃ H-芳基-SiO ₂ NP已显示出有希望的催化性能，用于将生物质衍生的原料转化为生物柴油和燃料添加剂。