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Predation risk and herd position influence the proportional use of antipredator and social vigilance by impala
Animal Behaviour ( IF 2.5 ) Pub Date : 2020-12-19 , DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2020.11.019
Anita van Deventer , Adrian M. Shrader

Vigilance is just one of the many fitness-enhancing activities that animals do each day. However, as vigilance is used for both predator detection and obtaining social information, individuals must decide how to divide their time between these two vigilance types. Yet, it is unclear (1) how prey species living in the centre and edge of groups prioritize their use of these different vigilance types and (2) how this prioritization varies with increasing risk. To explore this, we focused on the degree to which impala, Aepyceros melampus, a herd-living antelope, adjusted their antipredator (looking out from the herd) and social (looking at herd members) vigilance across three sites with different predator guilds and predator densities. We found that as predator types and densities increased, herd size increased, but that impala did not adjust the total time they spent vigilant (antipredator plus social vigilance). Thus, they did not sacrifice other fitness-enhancing activities (e.g. foraging) to increase vigilance. Yet, overall, within the herds, edge individuals displayed greater total vigilance (antipredator plus social) and showed a greater proportional use of antipredator vigilance compared to central individuals. With increasing predator numbers, edge individuals maintained and ultimately increased their proportional use of antipredator vigilance. In contrast, central individuals reduced their use of antipredator vigilance and increased social vigilance. As suggested elsewhere, this adjustment might have been related to these individuals trying to increase foraging efficiency and cohesion benefits. However, they may have also monitored conspecifics to detect threats, while obtaining both short- (e.g. less time spent in a vulnerable head-down position) and long-term (e.g. reduced daily foraging time allowing more time for less vulnerable activities) antipredator benefits. Ultimately, our results highlight that herd position and predator differences can influence overall vigilance levels and how individuals adjust their use of antipredator and social vigilance.



中文翻译:

捕食风险和牧群位置会影响黑斑羚对反捕食者的比例使用和社会警惕

警惕只是动物每天进行的许多健身运动中的一种。但是,由于警惕性被用于掠食者检测和获取社会信息,因此个人必须决定如何在这两种警惕性类型之间划分时间。但是,目前尚不清楚(1)居于群体中心和边缘的猎物如何优先使用这些不同的警惕类型,以及(2)随着风险的增加,这种优先次序如何变化。为了探索这一点,我们集中研究了黑斑羚羊(Aepyceros melampus)的程度,生活在群居中的羚羊在三个具有不同食肉动物行会和食肉动物密度的地点调整了他们的反食肉动物(从牧群中望去)和社会(视群羊成员)的警惕性。我们发现,随着捕食者类型和密度的增加,牛群规模也随之增加,但是黑斑羚并没有调整他们保持警惕的总时间(反捕食者加上社会警惕)。因此,他们没有牺牲其他增强健康的活动(例如觅食)来提高警惕。然而,总的来说,与中心个体相比,在群体中,边缘个体表现出更高的总体警惕性(反掠夺者加社交),并且反比例捕食者的警戒比例也更高。随着捕食者数量的增加,边缘个体得以维持并最终增加了他们对反捕食者警惕性的按比例使用。相反,中央个人减少了对反捕食者警惕的使用,并提高了社会警惕性。如其他地方所建议的,这种调整可能与这些人试图提高觅食效率和凝聚力有关。但是,他们可能还监视了物种,以检测威胁,同时获得了短期(例如,花费在低下的低头位置上的时间更少)和长期(例如,减少了每天的觅食时间,从而使更多时间用于脆弱程度较低的活动)的反掠夺者收益。最终,我们的结果表明,畜群的位置和捕食者之间的差异会影响整体警惕性水平,以及个人如何调整对反捕食者和社会警惕性的使用。这种调整可能与这些人试图提高觅食效率和凝聚力效益有关。但是,他们可能还监视了物种,以检测威胁,同时获得了短期(例如,花费在低下的低头位置上的时间更少)和长期(例如,减少了每天的觅食时间,从而使更多时间用于脆弱程度较低的活动)的反掠夺者收益。最终,我们的结果表明,畜群的位置和捕食者之间的差异会影响整体警惕性水平,以及个人如何调整对反捕食者和社会警惕性的使用。这种调整可能与这些人试图提高觅食效率和凝聚力效益有关。但是,他们可能还监视了物种,以检测威胁,同时获得了短期(例如,花费在低下的低头位置上的时间更少)和长期(例如,减少了每天的觅食时间,从而使更多时间用于脆弱程度较低的活动)的反掠夺者收益。最终,我们的结果表明,畜群的位置和捕食者之间的差异会影响整体警惕性水平,以及个人如何调整对反捕食者和社会警惕性的使用。减少每日觅食时间,使更多时间用于较不脆弱的活动)反掠夺者的利益。最终,我们的结果表明,畜群的位置和捕食者之间的差异会影响整体警惕性水平,以及个人如何调整对反捕食者和社会警惕性的使用。减少每日觅食时间,使更多时间用于较不脆弱的活动)反掠夺者的利益。最终,我们的结果表明,畜群的位置和捕食者之间的差异会影响整体警惕性水平,以及个人如何调整对反捕食者和社会警惕性的使用。

更新日期:2020-12-20
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