The dispute concerns a challenge by Ukraine of certain measures imposed by Russia concerning conformity assessment procedures for railway products, produced in Ukraine and exported to Russia. Ukraine alleged that the Russian measures prevented imports from Ukraine into Russia. For example, Russia was accused of suspending Ukrainian suppliers’ certificates of conformity, as well as refusing to process new certificate applications, due to alleged impossibility of carrying out required annual on-site inspections in Ukraine due to security concerns. These measures were subject to challenge by Ukraine under the WTO Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT Agreement), which applies to WTO Members’ technical regulations and related conformity assessment procedures. Two of the Appellate Body's most noteworthy findings reversing the Panel are addressed below.

中文翻译：

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俄罗斯——影响铁路设备及其零部件进口的措施，DS499

该争议涉及乌克兰对俄罗斯针对在乌克兰生产并出口到俄罗斯的铁路产品的合格评定程序采取的某些措施的挑战。乌克兰声称俄罗斯的措施阻止了从乌克兰进口到俄罗斯。例如，俄罗斯被指控暂停乌克兰供应商的合格证书，并拒绝处理新的证书申请，因为据称出于安全考虑无法在乌克兰进行必要的年度现场检查。这些措施受到乌克兰根据 WTO 技术性贸易壁垒协议（TBT 协议）提出的挑战，该协议适用于 WTO 成员的技术法规和相关的合格评定程序。上诉机构之二