We examine the impact of the World Trade Organization (WTO) Government Procurement Agreement (GPA) on government procurement practices in the European Union (EU). We analyse empirically whether the WTO GPA is effective in promoting non-discriminatory, open, transparent, competitive, and cost-effective government procurement. To study this question, we use a unique data set recently released by the EU, covering more than three million tenders conducted in the European Economic Area, Switzerland, and Macedonia during the years 2006–2016. We find that the WTO GPA promotes competition by increasing the probability of awarding a contract to a foreign firm. In addition, the WTO GPA significantly lowers corruption risk by decreasing the number of contracts with single bidders, and by decreasing total number of wins by a single firm. Finally, the WTO GPA fosters cost-effective public procurement by lowering the probability that the procurement price is higher than estimated cost.

中文翻译：

---

世贸组织政府采购协议是否兑现了它的承诺？

我们研究了世界贸易组织 (WTO) 政府采购协议 (GPA) 对欧盟 (EU) 政府采购实践的影响。我们实证分析了 WTO GPA 在促进非歧视性、公开、透明、竞争性和成本效益的政府采购方面是否有效。为了研究这个问题，我们使用了欧盟最近发布的独特数据集，涵盖了 2006 年至 2016 年间在欧洲经济区、瑞士和马其顿进行的超过 300 万次招标。我们发现 WTO GPA 通过增加将合同授予外国公司的可能性来促进竞争。此外，WTO GPA 通过减少与单一投标人的合同数量以及减少单一公司的中标总数，显着降低了腐败风险。最后，