In two experiments, participants had to choose between a sure and a risky option. The sure option was presented either in a gain or a loss frame. Need was defined as a minimum score the participants had to reach. Moreover, choices were made under two different time constraints and with three different levels of induced need to be reached within a fixed number of trials. The two experiments differed with respect to the specific amounts to win and the need levels. The \(2 \times 2 \times 3\) design was a within-subject design. Data were evaluated on an overall and on a group level, the latter based on participants’ stated risk preference and on revealed preferences (choice proportions) using cluster analysis across subjects. Overall, the results showed riskier behavior when the choice options were presented as losses as compared to gains (framing effect) and when the induced need was highest. Time limits enhanced the framing effect.

中文翻译：

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风险决策中的需求，框架和时间限制

在两个实验中，参与者必须在肯定和冒险的选择之间进行选择。确定选项是在获利或亏损框架中提出的。需求定义为参与者必须达到的最低分数。此外，选择是在两个不同的时间限制下进行的，需要在固定数量的试验中达到三种不同的诱导水平。这两个实验在获胜的具体数量和需求水平方面有所不同。的\（2 \倍2 \倍3 \）设计是主题内设计。数据是在整体和小组级别上进行评估的，后者基于参与者陈述的风险偏好和使用跨受试者的聚类分析基于揭示的偏好（选择比例）。总的来说，结果表明，当选择的选项呈现为亏损相比，收益（框架效应），高风险的行为，当感应的需要是最高的。时间限制增强了成帧效果。