Over the last century, the urban spatial structure of cities has transformed dramatically from the traditional monocentric configuration to varying forms of decentralized organization. This paper reviews the theory and empirical evidence to understand the urban morphology of jobs and land use within a city. This survey highlights four broad insights: (i) The evolution of monocentric to polycentric centers has been accompanied by structural changes in the city. (ii) The internal geography of a city is an outcome of the trade-off between the pull from agglomeration economies and the push from congestion. (iii) The presence of externalities implies that the equilibrium spatial organization achieved by profit-maximizing firms may not necessarily be optimal. This justifies the role of public policy in addressing the associated market failures. (iv) The productive edge and competitiveness of a city can be enhanced by introducing policies that increase the overall connectivity to take advantage of economic opportunities across the metropolitan area. The survey also puts together a wide range of policy instruments that are useful in closing the gap between equilibrium urban spatial structure and the optimal outcome.

中文翻译：

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城市内的工作和土地利用：理论，证据和政策调查

在上个世纪，城市的城市空间结构已从传统的单中心配置急剧转变为各种形式的分散组织。本文回顾了理论和经验证据，以了解城市中工作和土地使用的城市形态。该调查突出了四个广泛的见解：（i）从单中心到多中心的演变伴随着城市结构的变化。（ii）城市的内部地理环境是集聚经济体的拉动与交通拥挤之间的权衡的结果。（iii）外部性的存在意味着由利润最大化的公司实现的均衡空间组织不一定是最优的。这证明了公共政策在解决相关市场失灵方面的作用。（iv）可以通过引入增加整体连通性的政策来提高城市的生产优势和竞争力，以利用整个大都市地区的经济机会。该调查还汇集了广泛的政策工具，可用于弥合平衡的城市空间结构与最佳结果之间的差距。