Abstract

The impact of national efforts to increase supply of education, such as Nepal’s National Education System Plan, may vary across social groups due to differences in social factors that determine access to and demand for education. This paper studies the heterogeneous impact of this reform across gender and caste groups—two important social dimensions in Nepal’s context—over two generations. It uses data from the Nepal National Population and Housing Census 2011 and implements a difference-in-differences framework that utilizes across district variation in intensity of the reform measured by placement of trained teachers per 100 children and across cohort variation in exposure determined by birth year. The study finds that the reform improved females’ education attainment, but such positive effects are not present among women belonging to lower-caste subgroups. In addition, it finds that the reform had positive effects on schooling of the next generation; the multigenerational effects are also concentrated among girls from higher-caste households. The study validates its main findings by conducting a placebo exercise on a sample of individuals who had surpassed their school-going age by the time of the reform.

中文翻译：

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教育改革的多代影响：尼泊尔的母亲教育和儿童的人力资本

摘要

国家努力增加教育供应的影响（例如尼泊尔的《国家教育系统计划》）在各个社会群体中可能会有所不同，这是由于决定获得教育的机会和需求的社会因素存在差异。本文研究了这一改革在两代人之间对性别和种姓群体（尼泊尔背景下的两个重要社会层面）的异质影响。它使用了《 2011年尼泊尔全国人口和住房普查》的数据，并实施了差异差异框架，该框架利用跨地区的改革强度差异（通过每100名儿童受训教师的安置来衡量）以及根据出生年份确定的暴露人群的差异。研究发现，这项改革提高了女性的受教育程度，但是在属于低种姓亚组的妇女中没有这种积极的影响。此外，它发现该改革对下一代的学校教育产生了积极影响；多代影响也集中在高种姓家庭的女孩中。该研究通过对在改革之时已超过其入学年龄的个人样本进行安慰剂锻炼，验证了其主要发现。