The growth of American governments in the twentieth century included large increases in funds for social insurance and public assistance. Social insurance has increased far more than public assistance, so “rise in the social insurance state” is a far better description of the century than “rise in the welfare state.” The United States has increased total spending in these areas as much or more as have European countries, but the U.S. spending has relied less heavily on government programs. In the U.S. states largely determine the benefits for many of the public assistance and social insurance programs, leading to large variation in the benefits across the country. I develop estimates of these benefits across time and place and compare them to the poverty line, manufacturing earnings and benefits, state per capita incomes in the US, as well as GDP per capita in countries throughout the world.

中文翻译：

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20 世纪美国的社会保险和公共援助

20 世纪美国政府的增长包括社会保险和公共援助资金的大幅增加。社会保险的增长远远超过公共援助，因此“社会保险国家的崛起”比“福利国家的崛起”更能描述本世纪。美国在这些领域增加的总支出与欧洲国家一样多或更多，但美国支出对政府项目的依赖程度较低。在美国，各州很大程度上决定了许多公共援助和社会保险计划的福利，导致全国范围内的福利差异很大。我对这些收益进行跨时间和地点的估计，并将它们与贫困线、制造业收入和收益、美国各州的人均收入进行比较，