In the second half of the nineteenth century, the patent office of the German state Wuerttemberg strategically discriminated against foreign inventors by charging comparatively high patent fees. We show that this administrative practice was driven by fiscal and protectionist motives.

中文翻译：

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对外国人的歧视：行政实践中的符腾堡专利法

十九世纪下半叶，德国符腾堡州专利局战略性地歧视外国发明人，收取较高的专利费。我们表明，这种行政做法是由财政和保护主义动机驱动的。