We exploit the records of a large Toledan hospital to study the compensation of female labor and the gender wage gap in early modern Castile in the context of nursing—a non-gendered, low-skill occupation in which men and women performed the same clearly defined tasks. We employ a robust methodology to estimate the value of in-kind compensation, and show it to constitute a central part of the labor contract, far exceeding subsistence requirements. Patient admissions records are used to measure nurse productivity, which did not differ across genders. Female compensation varied between 70 percent and 100 percent of male levels, with fluctuations clearly linked to relative labor scarcity. Contrary to common assumptions in the literature, we show that markets played an important role in setting female compensation in early modern Castile. The sources of the gender disparity are, therefore, likely to be found in the broader social and cultural context.

中文翻译：

---

早期现代托莱多的性别工资差距，1550–1650

我们利用一家大型托莱丹医院的记录来研究现代早期卡斯蒂利亚在护理背景下的女性劳动报酬和性别工资差距——这是一种无性别、低技能的职业，男性和女性在该职业中表现相同，定义明确任务。我们采用稳健的方法来估计实物补偿的价值，并表明它构成了劳动合同的核心部分，远远超过了生活必需品。患者入院记录用于衡量护士的生产力，这在性别之间没有差异。女性薪酬在男性水平的 70% 到 100% 之间变化，波动明显与劳动力相对稀缺有关。与文献中的常见假设相反，我们表明市场在设定早期现代卡斯蒂利亚的女性薪酬方面发挥了重要作用。