Of the millions of Indians who migrated internationally in the long nineteenth century, over one million went as indentured servants in a massive South-South migration. I test how price volatility in origin markets in India affected out-migration under indentureship contracts from 1873–1916 to four major destinations around the world. Using new, unique district-level flows calculated from roughly 250,000 individual records, I show that indentureship take-up is consistent with migrating to escape local price volatility.

中文翻译：

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通过签订契约来逃避当地风险：来自 19 世纪印度移民的证据

在漫长的 19 世纪移居国际的数百万印度人中，有超过 100 万作为契约仆人参加了大规模的南南迁移。我测试了印度原产地市场的价格波动如何影响从 1873 年到 1916 年在契约合同下向全球四个主要目的地的向外迁移。使用从大约 250,000 条个人记录中计算得出的新的、独特的地区级流量，我表明，契约的使用与为逃避当地价格波动而迁移是一致的。