The phenomenon of Partial Control (PC; cf. Landau in Elements of control: structure and meaning in infinitival constructions, Kluwer, Dordrecht, 2000) has received a great deal of attention in recent literature, with two general approaches: while some authors take PC to be a core phenomenon that should be captured by control theory (e.g., Landau 2000 et seq.; Pearson in The sense of self: topics in the semantics of de se expressions. Ph.D. dissertation, 2013; NLLT 34:691–738, 2016), others deny the relevance of PC to control theory by treating it as an instance of exhaustive control (EC) with a covert comitative (Hornstein, in: Hendrick (ed) Minimalist syntax, Blackwell, Oxford, pp 681, 2003; Boeckx et al. in Control as movement, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2010). In this paper, we take a closer look at what German can contribute to this debate. Since PC-data are known to be subtle in terms of acceptability, we submitted the phenomenon to experimental investigation. The results of our study clearly show that both the matrix and the embedded predicate are relevant for the availability of a PC-reading in German: if the embedded predicate does not license comitatives, the matrix predicate must be attitudinal (a PC-predicate in Landau’s 2000 terminology), while if the matrix predicate is non-attitudinal (Landau’s EC-type), the embedded predicate must license comitatives. We thus conclude that two mechanisms exist in German to derive a PC-reading (i.e., singular controller with an embedded collective predicate): (i) true PC via, e.g., extension in the sense of Pearson (2013), and (ii) fake PC, which is, in fact, exhaustive control with a covert comitative (Hornstein 2003; Sheehan in Camb Occas Pap Linguist 6:1–47, 2012; in: Lahousse, Marzo (eds) Romance languages and linguistic theory 2012: selected papers from ‘Going Romance’ Leuven 2012, pp 181–198, 2014). These conclusions have an impact on the discussion of obligatory control structures insofar as control theory must account for the inclusion relation that holds in cases of true PC. Based on our results, we propose that a multi-factor approach such as argued for by Pearson (2013, 2016) or Landau (A two-tiered theory of control. Linguistic inquiry monographs, vol 71, MIT Press, Cambridge, 2015) is most adequate to capture the variation found in instances of true PC. However, our study also shows that the peripheral nature of PC requires experimental methods in order to investigate its status as a grammatical phenomenon in a language, and, furthermore, that any study focusing on PC must ensure that its discussion is based on true instances of PC, given that fake PC is a real option in languages.

中文翻译：

---

德语中的部分控制

部分控制现象（PC；cf. Landau in Elements of control: structure and meaning in infininitival Constructions, Kluwer, Dordrecht, 2000）在最近的文献中受到了极大的关注，有两种一般方法：而一些作者采用 PC成为控制理论应捕捉的核心现象（例如，Landau 2000 et seq.；Pearson in The sense of self: topic in the semantics of de se expression.Ph.D. dissertation, 2013; NLLT 34:691– 738, 2016)，其他人否认 PC 与控制理论的相关性，将其视为具有隐蔽性的详尽控制 (EC) 的实例（Hornstein，在：Hendrick (ed) Minimalist syntax, Blackwell, Oxford, pp 681, 2003 ; Boeckx 等人在控制作为运动，剑桥大学出版社，剑桥，2010 年）。在本文中，我们仔细看看德语可以为这场辩论做出什么贡献。由于已知 PC 数据在可接受性方面是微妙的，我们将这种现象提交给实验调查。我们的研究结果清楚地表明，矩阵和嵌入谓词都与德语 PC 阅读的可用性相关：如果嵌入谓词不许可commitatives，则矩阵谓词必须是态度的（Landau 的 PC 谓词） 2000 术语），而如果矩阵谓词是非态度的（Landau 的 EC 类型），则嵌入的谓词必须许可commitatives。因此，我们得出结论，德语中存在两种机制来推导 PC 阅读（即具有嵌入式集体谓词的单一控制器）：（i）真正的 PC，例如通过 Pearson（2013）意义上的扩展，以及（ii）假PC，事实上，隐蔽性的详尽控制（Hornstein 2003; Sheehan in Camb Occas Pap Linguist 6:1–47, 2012; in: Lahousse, Marzo (eds) Romance Language and Language Theory 2012：选自'Going Romance' Leuven 2012, pp 181-198，2014 年）。这些结论对强制性控制结构的讨论产生了影响，因为控制理论必须考虑在真实 PC 的情况下存在的包含关系。根据我们的结果，我们建议采用多因素方法，例如 Pearson (2013, 2016) 或 Landau（两层控制理论。语言调查专着，第 71 卷，麻省理工学院出版社，剑桥，2015 年）最适合捕捉在真实 PC 实例中发现的变化。然而，