More often than not, manufacturing industries are clustered in small areas in developing economies of Asia and sub‐Saharan Africa (SSA). While agglomeration economies arising from low transaction costs are a clear advantage of industrial clusters, a drawback is the ease of imitation, which leads to the gap between social and private benefits of innovation. An important observation is that multifaceted innovation, consisting of the quality improvement of products, improved internal management, and the introduction of new marketing systems, takes place in many industrial clusters in Asia, but such innovation seldom occurs in SSA. This article attributes this to greater endowment of entrepreneurial human capital, and increased possibility of learning advanced technologies and management methods from neighboring countries in Asia than in SSA. This article also discusses evidence suggesting that multifaceted innovation can be stimulated by offering management training to entrepreneurs in SSA.

中文翻译：

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人力资本在基于集群的工业发展中的作用

在亚洲和撒哈拉以南非洲（SSA）的发展中经济体中，制造业往往聚集在较小的区域。低交易成本带来的集聚经济是产业集群的明显优势，而缺点是模仿容易，这导致创新的社会效益和私人收益之间存在差距。一个重要的观察结果是，在亚洲的许多产业集群中，都进行了多方面的创新，包括产品质量的提高，内部管理的改善和新营销体系的引入，但这种创新很少发生在SSA中。本文将其归因于更大的企业家人力资本，赋，以及与来自SSA相比，从亚洲邻国学习先进技术和管理方法的可能性更高。