Using a multilevel model to account for individual and state levels of analysis, we examined whether native-born workers and settled immigrants differed in their migratory responses to recent immigration. We investigated the disparate impact of recent immigration across varying macroeconomic situations: before the recession (2006), during the recession (2009), and after the recession (2012). Our empirical results revealed that as immigration increased, settled immigrants showed a tendency to migrate outside of their states, while native-born workers were more likely to remain. Despite its significant impact in 2006 and 2009, the share of recent immigrants became statistically insignificant in 2012. Regardless of macroeconomic situation, the probability of out-migration for native-born workers was found to be negatively associated with recent immigrant share. This finding challenges the existing notion that new immigration creates competition with native-born workers in the labor market and causes unnecessary domestic migration.

我们使用多层次模型来说明个人和州的分析水平，我们检查了本地出生的工人和定居的移民对近期移民的迁徙反应是否有所不同。我们研究了近期移民在各种宏观经济形势下的不同影响：经济衰退之前（2006年），经济衰退期间（2009年）以及经济衰退之后（2012年）。我们的经验结果表明，随着移民的增加，定居的移民显示出向州外迁移的趋势，而本地出生的工人则更有可能留下来。尽管在2006年和2009年产生了重大影响，但在2012年，新移民的比例在统计上变得微不足道。无论宏观经济形势如何，发现当地出生的工人外出移民的可能性与最近的移民份额负相关。这一发现挑战了现有的观念，即新移民会在劳动力市场上与本地出生的工人形成竞争，并导致不必要的家庭移民。