Debord (1995, 2002), Jean Baudrillard (1994), Murray Edelman (1988), Douglas Kellner (2003), and others recognized is that these mediated representations could assume a trajectory of at least a semiautonomous nature that could exercise significant influence over social life, even when these representations were not obviously authentic. In the case of Trump, David Cay Johnston (2016), a longtime observer of Trump, has documented how Trump has utilized the press to “spin” unfavorable legal and financial outcomes (such as losing a federal lawsuit against the Trumps over housing discrimination and several bankruptcies) to a degree that allowed him to continue his business dealings. Filmmaker Michael Moore (2016), in filming Michael Moore in Trumpland, observed during the election that Trump campaign “swag”—“Make America Great Again” hats and bumper stickers, signs, and shirts—were being consumed and displayed at a significantly higher rate than Clinton’s campaign materials, suggesting an enthusiasm among Trump’s supporters not measured by polling data. Similarly, his tenure as the focus of The Apprentice both garnered Trump with widespread name recognition and the persona of a highly successful businessman, despite the evidence that the outcomes of many of Trump’s businesses were problematic. While The Trump Phenomenon does consider Trump’s roles in reality television, it does not delve into Trump’s use of social media and his capacity to deploy mediated representations to eclipse primary opponents despite having few plausible proposed policy initiatives and some sustained press coverage of his misstatements and outright lies. Examining the synthesis of mediated representations and their impacts on forms of populism are clearly highly relevant for social science undergraduates. While The Trump Phenomenon suggests that these and other forms of Trump’s adroit use of media are not a central focus of a “preliminary reconnaissance” of the rise and election of Trump, understanding the roles of these and other mediated representations will be essential in future postmortems of this campaign and for what these might portend for the future.

中文翻译：

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书评：艺术相关研究实用指南

Debord (1995, 2002)、Jean Baudrillard (1994)、Murray Edelman (1988)、Douglas Kellner (2003) 和其他人认识到，这些中介表征可以假设至少具有半自主性质的轨迹，可以对社会产生重大影响生活，即使这些陈述显然不是真实的。就特朗普而言，特朗普的长期观察者大卫·凯·约翰斯顿 (David Cay Johnston)（2016 年）记录了特朗普如何利用媒体“制造”不利的法律和财务结果（例如在针对特朗普的住房歧视和几次破产）到一定程度，使他能够继续他的业务往来。电影制片人迈克尔·摩尔（2016 年）在特朗普地拍摄迈克尔·摩尔时，在选举期间观察到特朗普竞选“赃物”——“让美国再次伟大”的帽子和保险杠贴纸、标志和衬衫——的消费和展示率明显高于克林顿的竞选材料，这表明特朗普支持者的热情没有得到衡量通过轮询数据。同样，尽管有证据表明特朗普的许多企业的结果都存在问题，但他作为《学徒》的焦点既为特朗普赢得了广泛的知名度，也为他赢得了一个非常成功的商人的形象。虽然特朗普现象确实考虑了特朗普在真人秀中的角色，它没有深入探讨特朗普对社交媒体的使用以及他部署调解代表来使主要反对者黯然失色的能力，尽管几乎没有合理的拟议政策举措以及一些持续的新闻报道他的错误陈述和彻头彻尾的谎言。检查中介表征的综合及其对民粹主义形式的影响显然与社会科学本科生高度相关。虽然特朗普现象表明，这些和其他形式的特朗普的阿德罗特使用媒体的使用是“初步侦察”的崛起和选举的核心焦点，了解这些和其他介导的代表的角色将在未来的淘汰后至关重要这场运动以及这些可能预示着未来的事情。检查中介表征的综合及其对民粹主义形式的影响显然与社会科学本科生高度相关。虽然特朗普现象表明，这些和其他形式的特朗普的阿德罗特使用媒体的使用是“初步侦察”的崛起和选举的核心焦点，了解这些和其他介导的代表的角色将在未来的淘汰后至关重要这场运动以及这些可能预示着未来的事情。检查中介表征的综合及其对民粹主义形式的影响显然与社会科学本科生高度相关。虽然特朗普现象表明，这些和其他形式的特朗普的阿德罗特使用媒体的使用是“初步侦察”的崛起和选举的核心焦点，了解这些和其他介导的代表的角色将在未来的淘汰后至关重要这场运动以及这些可能预示着未来的事情。