In American high schools female students put greater effort into school and outperform boys on indicators of academic success. Using data from the High School Longitudinal Study of 2009, we found female students’ greater academic effort and achievement was partly explained by different social incentives to trying hard in school experienced by male and female students. Males were 1.75 times as likely to report they would be unpopular for trying hard in school and 1.50 times as likely to report they would be made fun of for trying hard in school. Social costs to trying hard in school were directly associated with less rigorous mathematics course-taking and indirectly associated with lower GPA in STEM courses through lower academic effort.

中文翻译：

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性别成就差距：社会成本对高中努力的作用

在美国高中，女学生在学业上的努力更大，在学业成功方面的表现优于男生。使用2009年《高中纵向研究》的数据，我们发现女学生的学习成绩和成就更高，部分原因是由于各种社会动机对男女学生的学习努力所致。男性报告他们在学校努力不受欢迎的可能性为1.75倍，报告他们因在学校努力而受到嘲笑的可能性为1.50倍。在学校努力学习的社会成本与不那么严格的数学课程直接相关，而与通过降低学术努力而在STEM课程中降低的GPA间接相关。