A large body of literature shows that boys and girls experience different kinds of peer aggression. This difference is usually explained by the function of bullying depending on gender and age. In the present study, we used a mixed method called concept mapping to analyze the content structure of verbal aggression. We compared this structure between two levels of Polish schools—middle school and high school. Using experimental manipulation we tested whether the content of verbal invectives depends on the gender of the victim. Results showed six different types of verbal invectives. Middle school students listed substantially more in four out of the six categories. There were significant effects of the experimental manipulation of the victim's gender. When the male victim was primed there were significantly more sexual insults and when the female victim was primed there was substantially more ability-related verbal bullying. We interpret these results in the context of the development and norms of masculinity and femininity.

中文翻译：

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言语攻击的差异化内容：性别对波兰中学侮辱的影响

大量文献表明，男孩和女孩会经历不同类型的同伴攻击。这种差异通常可以用欺凌的功能来解释，这取决于性别和年龄。在本研究中，我们使用一种称为概念映射的混合方法来分析言语攻击的内容结构。我们比较了波兰中学和高中两个级别的这种结构。我们使用实验操作测试了口头谩骂的内容是否取决于受害者的性别。结果显示了六种不同类型的谩骂。中学生在六个类别中的四个类别中的排名要高得多。对受害者性别的实验操纵有显着影响。当男性受害者准备好时，性侮辱明显更多，而当女性受害者准备好时，与能力相关的言语欺凌要多得多。我们在男性气质和女性气质的发展和规范的背景下解释这些结果。