Policies to address environmental and natural resource management are often implemented at the group level. The defining feature of such policies is that penalties or rewards are based on group rather than individual performance, or rights are allocated to a group rather than to individuals. This article discusses how group-level policies have been applied and studied across a variety of contexts in the literature on environmental and natural resource management. The aim is to identify common theoretical and empirical insights and lessons learned about the design and implementation of these instruments. A general finding is that group-level policies are most likely to be effective when rewards and/or penalties are designed to provide strong incentives for groups to meet targets in a cost-effective way. Moreover, to the extent that this requires coordination within the group, the effectiveness of policies will depend on whether the group has or can create its own institutions or mechanisms to facilitate and enforce that coordination.

中文翻译：

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在环境和自然资源政策中使用团体方法

解决环境和自然资源管理的政策通常在小组级别上实施。此类政策的主要特征是处罚或奖励是基于群体而不是个人表现，或者权利是分配给群体而不是个人。本文讨论了有关环境和自然资源管理的文献中如何在多种情况下应用和研究团体政策。目的是确定关于这些工具的设计和实施的常见理论和经验见解和经验教训。一个普遍的发现是，当奖励和/或惩罚旨在为团体以具有成本效益的方式实现目标的强大动力时，团体级别的政策最有可能有效。此外，