This paper develops a conceptual framework for access to justice as a ground of judicial review in English law. We identify a hitherto undertheorised strand of cases which enable courts to review policy within proper constitutional bounds: the doctrine of systemic unfairness, which focuses on risks inherent in a system as a whole. In the context of access to justice, the relevant systemic risk is one of futility: a rational litigant’s inability to vindicate a meritorious claim. Proving the required facts in the context of judicial review proceedings is not an easy task. Litigants must look beyond the realisation of harm to the mechanisms which put access to justice at risk. It is only where the combined impact or cost of system-level risk is particularly severe that a policy-level challenge will succeed on access to justice grounds.

中文翻译：

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系统性不公平、诉诸司法和徒劳无功：一个框架

本文开发了一个概念框架，将诉诸司法作为英国法律中司法审查的依据。我们确定了迄今为止理论不足的一系列案例，这些案例使法院能够在适当的宪法范围内审查政策：系统性不公平学说，它侧重于整个系统中固有的风险。在诉诸司法的背景下，相关的系统性风险是徒劳的：理性的诉讼人无法证明有理的索赔。在司法审查程序的背景下证明所需的事实并非易事。诉讼当事人必须超越损害的认识，将目光投向使诉诸司法面临风险的机制。只有在系统层面风险的综合影响或成本特别严重的情况下，政策层面的挑战才能在诉诸司法方面取得成功。