My paper tries to show that we can approach both 'epistemic' and 'conceptual' problems of causation in tort with the aid of a moral idea sketched out by H.L.A. Hart and developed into a more general account by T.M. Scanlon. Applied to causation, that idea says that we may justify principles that require people to meet a certain standard of causation and principles that specify a standard of proof for that purpose by appealing to the value for people of the opportunities that the relevant principles make available to them. I will develop that idea in the context of epistemic questions, and then extend it to conceptual ones. And I will try to show that the idea explains both why we may apply certain familiar standards of causation in easy cases, and why and how far we ought to relax or modify those standards in hard cases.

中文翻译：

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侵权行为的因果关系和机会

我的论文试图表明，我们可以借助 HLA Hart 勾勒出并由 TM Scanlon 发展成更一般性的道德观念来处理侵权行为的“认识论”和“概念性”因果关系问题。应用于因果关系，这个想法说，我们可以通过诉诸相关原则为人们提供的机会的价值来证明要求人们满足某种因果关系标准的原则和为此目的指定证明标准的原则。他们。我将在认知问题的背景下发展这个想法，然后将其扩展到概念问题。我将尝试证明这个想法解释了为什么我们可以在简单的情况下应用某些熟悉的因果关系标准，以及为什么我们应该在困难的情况下放宽或修改这些标准，以及在多大程度上应该放宽或修改这些标准。