Despite recognition that emotions are present and salient during a crisis, traditional views of crisis decision making, such as crisis decision theory and naturalistic decision making, emphasize mainly the role of cognitive processes. Several recent crises illustrate individuals face complex, dynamic, and significant situations requiring decisions with which they are unfamiliar and/or lack experience. Moreover, dangerous and life-threatening situations activate negative emotions such as anger, regret, guilt, fear, disappointment, and shame, which may uniquely affect recursive associations with the immediate cognitive schema elicited after a crisis. Also consider individuals do not experience crises in a vacuum. Rather, they perceive, interpret, and assess information via interactions with others, thus creating collective crisis decision making as a substantive level of analysis. As such, we present a multilevel theoretical model examining the interactive role cognitions and emotions play in crisis decision making, and offer implications regarding individual and collective decisions during crises.

中文翻译：

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危机中的决策

尽管认识到情绪在危机中是存在的并且是突出的，但危机决策的传统观点（例如危机决策理论和自然主义决策）主要强调认知过程的作用。最近发生的几次危机表明，个人面临复杂，动态和重大的情况，需要做出不熟悉和/或缺乏经验的决定。此外，危险和威胁生命的情况会激发诸如愤怒，后悔，内，恐惧，失望和羞耻之类的负面情绪，这可能会唯一地影响与危机后立即产生的认知模式的递归关联。还应考虑个人不会在真空中经历危机。相反，他们通过与他人的互动来感知，解释和评估信息，因此，将集体危机决策制定为实质性分析水平。因此，我们提出了一个多层次的理论模型，以检验认知和情绪在危机决策中的互动作用，并提供有关危机期间个人和集体决策的含义。