Football language may be regarded as the world's most widespread special language, where English has played a key role. The focus of the present study is the influence of English football vocabulary in the form of loan translations, contrasted with direct loans, as manifested in 16 European languages from different language families (Germanic, Romance, Slavic, etc.). Drawing on a set of 25 English football words (match, corner, dribble, offside, etc.), the investigation shows that there is a great deal of variation between the languages studied. For example, Icelandic shows the largest number of loan translations, while direct loans are most numerous in Norwegian; overall, combining direct loans and loan translations, Finnish displays the lowest number of English loans. The tendencies noted are discussed, offering some tentative explanations of the results, where both linguistic and sociolinguistic factors, such as language similarity and attitudes to borrowing, are considered.

中文翻译：

---

贷款翻译与直接贷款：英语对欧洲足球词汇的影响

足球语言可能被认为是世界上使用最广泛的特殊语言，其中英语发挥了关键作用。本研究的重点是英语足球词汇以借用翻译的形式的影响，与直接借用相比，表现在来自不同语系（日耳曼语、罗曼语、斯拉夫语等）的 16 种欧洲语言中。绘制一组 25 个英语足球单词 (比赛, 角球, 运球, 越位等），调查表明所研究的语言之间存在很大差异。例如，冰岛语的外借翻译数量最多，而直接外借的挪威语最多；总体而言，结合直接贷款和贷款翻译，芬兰语的英语贷款数量最少。讨论了所指出的趋势，对结果提供了一些初步的解释，其中考虑了语言和社会语言因素，例如语言相似性和对借用的态度。