Some presuppositions are easier to cancel than others in embedded contexts. This contrast has been used as evidence for distinguishing two fundamentally different kinds of presuppositions, ‘soft’ and ‘hard’. ‘Soft’ presuppositions are usually assumed to arise in a pragmatic way, while ‘hard’ presuppositions are thought to be genuine semantic presuppositions. This paper argues against such a distinction and proposes to derive the difference in cancellation from inherent differences in how presupposition triggers (and the sentences that contain them) interact with the context: their focus sensitivity, anaphoricity, and question–answer congruence properties. The paper also aims to derive the presuppositions of additive particles such as too, also, again, and of it-clefts.

中文翻译：

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预设取消：解释“软硬”触发器的区别

在嵌入式环境中，某些预设比其他预设更容易取消。这种对比已被用作区分两种基本不同的预设（“软”和“硬”）的证据。通常假定“软”预设是以务实的方式出现的，而“硬”预设则被认为是真正的语义预设。本文反对这种区分，并提议从预设触发因素（以及包含它们的句子）与上下文的相互作用的内在差异中得出抵消的差异：它们的焦点敏感性，照应性和问题-答案的一致性特性。本文的目的还在于推导添加粒子的预设，例如，也是如此，以及它的裂缝。