This paper develops a unified analysis for the meaning of imperfective aspect that covers progressives, habituals, and counterfactuals, aiming at an understanding of two crosslinguistically frequent syncretisms: one between progressives and habituals, and one between habituals and counterfactuals. I first discuss progressive and habitual readings in detail, identifying mereological, temporal, and modal ingredients in both interpretations. My claim is that the temporal and modal ingredients are the same, and I propose to differentiate these readings in terms of verbal plurality: progressives are about singular events, and habituals are about plural events. I then extend the analysis to stative predicates, which I analyze as uncountable mass-like verbal predicates, noticing that imperfective statives tend to be formally similar to imperfective habituals. This paves the way to an analysis of the role of habitual morphology in counterfactuals. I argue that the imperfective operator is attached to a modal/stative predicate in these constructions, and that counterfactuals are about world states holding at the utterance time.

中文翻译：

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渐进，习惯和反事实中不完美的语义成分

本文针对不完美方面的含义进行了统一的分析，涵盖了渐进式，习惯性和反事实，旨在理解两种跨语言频繁合体主义：一种介于渐进式和习惯性之间，一种介于惯性和反事实之间。我首先详细讨论渐进式和习惯性阅读，确定两种解释中的论调，时间和情态成分。我的主张是时态和情态成分是相同的，我建议根据言语复数来区分这些读数：渐进式是关于单数事件，习惯是关于复数事件。然后，我将分析扩展到谓词，我将其分析为不可数的质量状语言谓词，注意到不完美的指示词在形式上往往与不完美的习惯词相似。这为分析惯常形态在反事实中的作用铺平了道路。我认为，在这些结构中，不完美算子附加在一个模态/谓词谓词上，反事实是关于发声时所持的世界状态。