ABSTRACT In this article, we argue for the need to further incorporate the study of metaphor with the newest tendencies within cognitive science. We do so by presenting an ecological view of cognition as a skull-and-body-transcending activity that is deeply entangled with the environment. Grounded in empirical examples we present and examine four claims fleshing out this ecological perspective on cognition and metaphor: (a) metaphor is a product of an organism-environment-system, rather than merely a product of an inner mental process, (b) metaphoric meaning is relational. It emerges from projections of structure between a living organism and its perceived or imagined environment, (c) underlying metaphor is the notion of metaphoricity, which is a scalar value involving a doubleness in experience, and (d) metaphoricity relies on experiential affordances that can be directly perceived or felt in the environment. Overall, we propose that metaphor should be understood and thought about in terms of affordances rather than mental ability. Studying metaphor as affordances is to focus on metaphor as part of our active doings that equally involve cognitive, social, and linguistic dimensions. Within an ecological framework, there is no contradiction between studying the details of linguistic, multimodal, and embodied behavior in situational contexts while considering the cognitive dimensions of this behavior too since cognition is re-conceptualized as constituted by actions in an environment.

中文翻译：

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生态认知与隐喻

摘要 在本文中，我们认为有必要进一步将隐喻研究与认知科学的最新趋势结合起来。我们通过将认知的生态学观点呈现为一种与环境深深纠缠在一起的超越头骨和身体的活动。以经验例子为基础，我们提出并研究了四种说法，充实了这种关于认知和隐喻的生态观点：(a) 隐喻是有机体-环境-系统的产物，而不仅仅是内在心理过程的产物，(b) 隐喻意义是相关的。它来自生物体与其感知或想象的环境之间的结构投影，(c) 隐喻是隐喻的概念，这是一个涉及经验双重性的标量值，(d) 隐喻性依赖于可以在环境中直接感知或感受的体验性启示。总的来说，我们建议应该根据可供性而不是心理能力来理解和思考隐喻。研究隐喻作为可供性是将隐喻作为我们积极行为的一部分，这些行为同样涉及认知、社会和语言维度。在生态框架内，研究情境中语言、多模态和具身行为的细节与考虑这种行为的认知维度之间并不矛盾，因为认知被重新概念化为由环境中的行为构成。我们建议应该根据可供性而不是心理能力来理解和思考隐喻。研究隐喻作为可供性是将隐喻作为我们积极行为的一部分，这些行为同样涉及认知、社会和语言维度。在生态框架内，研究情境中语言、多模态和具身行为的细节与考虑这种行为的认知维度之间并不矛盾，因为认知被重新概念化为由环境中的行为构成。我们建议应该根据可供性而不是心理能力来理解和思考隐喻。研究隐喻作为可供性是将隐喻作为我们积极行为的一部分，这同样涉及认知、社会和语言维度。在生态框架内，研究情境中语言、多模态和具身行为的细节与考虑这种行为的认知维度之间并不矛盾，因为认知被重新概念化为由环境中的行为构成。