ABSTRACT Drawing extends the capacity to communicate, since it allows individuals to use graphic objects and symbols to articulate complex ideas not easily communicated using words alone. Similarly, theorists argue that metaphors are commonly used to communicate complex and abstract concepts. Though, the interpretation of visual metaphors has been studied in relation to film and advertising, referencing common metaphors used in language, research has yet to examine how individuals construct their own visual metaphors and whether existing language-based metaphors are used, as a basis. Studying the underlying structure of drawings, using organizing frameworks and mapping systems, provides insight into how individuals use metaphors to communicate and the interdependent relationships between text and image. This study applies conceptual metaphor theory and frame semantics to identify and map visual metaphors in drawings of Knowledge. Three research questions guided the study: How are visual metaphors [of Knowledge] inferred in participant drawings using existing language-based metaphors?; Can language-based metaphor ontologies and semantic systems be used for interpreting visual metaphors?; and How are inferences found in language-based metaphors evident in the design of visual metaphors? Data were collected as part of the study: What does knowledge look like?, where participants (N = 404) were asked to draw what they thought Knowledge looks like to them, and explain why they drew what they did in writing. Five example cases are presented in the results: 1) the Illuminated Light Bulb, 2) the Electric Brain, 3) the Brain as a Container for Knowledge, 4) Knowledge (Ideas) as Food, and 5) the Open Mind. The findings present three notable conclusions: the combination of multiple metaphors within a single drawing; the use of a language-based metaphor ontology (i.e., Master Metaphor List) and frame semantics as analytic tools to examine visual metaphors; and the potential for additional language-based metaphor categories to emerge.

中文翻译：

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揭示“知识”：识别和分析绘画中的视觉隐喻

摘要绘画扩展了交流的能力，因为它允许个人使用图形对象和符号来表达单独使用文字无法轻易传达的复杂想法。同样，理论家认为隐喻通常用于传达复杂和抽象的概念。尽管已经研究了与电影和广告相关的视觉隐喻的解释，并参考了语言中使用的常见隐喻，但研究尚未检查个人如何构建自己的视觉隐喻以及是否使用现有的基于语言的隐喻作为基础。使用组织框架和映射系统研究绘图的基本结构，可以深入了解个人如何使用隐喻进行交流以及文本和图像之间的相互依赖关系。本研究应用概念隐喻理论和框架语义来识别和映射知识图画中的视觉隐喻。三个研究问题指导了研究：如何使用现有的基于语言的隐喻在参与者绘图中推断[知识]的视觉隐喻？是否可以使用基于语言的隐喻本体和语义系统来解释视觉隐喻？在视觉隐喻的设计中，如何在基于语言的隐喻中发现推论？数据是作为研究的一部分收集的：知识是什么样的？，参与者（N = 404）被要求画出他们认为知识在他们眼中的样子，并解释他们为什么以书面形式画出他们所做的事情。结果中提供了五个示例案例：1) 照明灯泡，2) 电脑，3) 作为知识容器的大脑，4）知识（思想）作为食物，以及 5）开放的思想。研究结果提出了三个值得注意的结论：在一幅画中结合了多个隐喻；使用基于语言的隐喻本体（即主隐喻列表）和框架语义作为分析工具来检查视觉隐喻；以及出现其他基于语言的隐喻类别的潜力。