We evaluated age differences in the relationship between judgments of learning (JOLs) and the choice to restudy a subset of items under two conditions: 1) when a retrieval attempt was explicitly prompted during monitoring; 2) when a retrieval attempt was not explicitly prompted. Young and older adults studied unrelated word pairs. Item-by-item cue-only judgments followed, where participants either attempted to recall the target before providing a JOL or only provided a JOL. After the monitoring phase, participants reported how many total items they wanted to restudy. However, during the selection phase, participants selected half of the presented items to restudy. After restudying selected items, participants received a final cued recall test. Requiring individuals to attempt retrieval increased monitoring reaction times (RT) and decreased JOL magnitude, but did not affect self-regulated learning. For both monitoring groups, individuals were more likely to select items they rated with lower JOLs and items that they spent more time monitoring (i.e., greater RTs). In addition, older adults demonstrated a weaker negative relationship between JOLs and restudy selections, but no difference in the relationship between RTs and restudy selections, compared to young adults. Older adults also indicated wanting to restudy more total items than younger adults. Explicitly prompting retrieval during monitoring did not impact these observed age effects, or interestingly, final test performance. Overall, the results of this study suggest that prompting explicit retrieval prior to monitoring may have little direct effect on self-regulated learning or final test performance.

中文翻译：

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在老年人和年轻人中进行监控和自我调节学习时提示检索

我们在两个条件下评估了学习判断（JOL）与重新研究部分项目的选择之间的关系中的年龄差异：1）在监控过程中明确提示进行检索尝试时；2）未明确提示检索尝试时。年轻人和老年人研究无关的单词对。随后是逐项提示判断，参与者在提供JOL之前尝试撤回目标，或者仅提供JOL。在监控阶段之后，参与者报告了他们想重新学习的项目总数。但是，在选择阶段，参与者选择了所呈现项目的一半进行重新研究。在重新研究所选项目后，参与者接受了最终提示召回测试。要求个人尝试检索会增加监视反应时间（RT）和降低JOL幅度，但不会影响自我调节学习。对于这两个监视组，个人更有可能选择他们给JOL评分较低的项目以及他们花费更多时间进行监视（即更大的RT）的项目。此外，与年轻人相比，老年人在JOL和重新学习选择之间表现出较弱的负相关性，但在实时学习和重新学习选择之间的关系没有差异。老年人还表示要比年轻人少学习全部物品。在监视期间明确提示检索不会影响这些观察到的年龄影响，也不会影响最终测试性能。总体，