The Indian pharmaceutical industry has experienced rapid growth, becoming the world's largest provider of generic drugs, based on product and process innovation. The industry has undergone dynamic changes in recent decades, operating in a rapidly evolving environment affected by domestic and global policies; a key example of the latter is the TRIPS agreement. Taking an intellectual property perspective, we describe how changes in the innovation ecosystem have affected companies’ strategies related to international activity and accessing knowledge from both internal and external knowledge sources, during the transitional- and post-TRIPS periods (1995–2004 and 2005–2014, respectively). Combining intellectual property arguments with contextual aspects of the innovation ecosystem, we conjecture that, in the post-TRIPS period, externally-sourced knowledge will be more important than internally-sourced knowledge, for Indian pharmaceutical firms’ international business activity.

中文翻译：

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不断变化的创新生态系统中的知识来源和国际商业活动：印度制药业研究

印度制药业经历了快速增长，以产品和工艺创新为基础，成为全球最大的仿制药供应商。近几十年来，该行业发生了动态变化，在受国内和全球政策影响的瞬息万变的环境中运营；后者的一个关键例子是 TRIPS 协议。从知识产权的角度来看，我们描述了在 TRIPS 过渡期和后 TRIPS 期间（1995-2004 和 2005- 2014 年）。将知识产权论点与创新生态系统的背景相结合，我们推测，在后 TRIPS 时期，