Although there is no consensus about what kinds are, there is a common understanding that kinds can be regarded as collections of objects that share certain properties. What these properties exactly are is often left unspecified. This paper explores the semantics of ad hoc kind-referring terms, where the determination of the relevant set of shared properties does not rely on “natural” properties or world knowledge. Rather, information provided by a nominal modifier, typically a relative clause, is used to impute the required regular behavior on the kind-referring NP. Building on Carlson’s (Reference to kinds in English, Ph.D. thesis, University of Massachusetts at Amherst, 1977b) disjointness condition, I show that we can not only account for the ubiquity of these expressions, but we can also extend the analysis to other constructions that have traditionally not been taken to be kind referring, such as Amount and Degree Relative constructions.

中文翻译：

---

参考特别种类

尽管对于种类是什么还没有达成共识，但人们普遍认为种类可以被视为共享某些属性的对象的集合。这些属性究竟是什么，通常没有明确说明。本文探讨了特殊类型引用术语的语义，其中相关共享属性集的确定不依赖于“自然”属性或世界知识。相反，由名词修饰语（通常是关系从句）提供的信息用于将所需的常规行为归咎于指代种类的 NP。基于 Carlson 的（参考英语中的种类，博士论文，马萨诸塞大学阿默斯特分校，1977b）不相交条件，我表明我们不仅可以解释这些表达的普遍性，