Under the 1951 Refugee Convention, there are two necessary conditions for refugeehood: (1) a well-founded fear of persecution for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion and (2) alienage – that is, being outside of one’s country of nationality or habitual residence. In 1985 Andrew Shacknove famously argued that both of these conditions should be rejected. Shacknove’s paper prompted much debate about the suitability of the persecution condition, but his rejection of the alienage requirement has received significantly less attention. In this paper I argue, against some recent defenders of the Convention, that Shacknove was right to claim that the alienage condition should be rejected. On my view, people who would be granted refugee status if they crossed a border, but who remain in their country of nationality, should also be eligible for refugee status.

中文翻译：

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反对难民的异化条件

根据 1951 年难民公约，成为难民有两个必要条件：(1) 有充分理由害怕因种族、宗教、国籍、特定社会团体的成员身份或政治观点而遭受迫害；(2) 异化——即，在国籍国或惯常居所之外。1985 年，安德鲁·沙克诺夫 (Andrew Shacknove) 提出了应该拒绝这两个条件的著名论断。Shacknove 的论文引发了很多关于迫害条件是否合适的争论，但他对异化要求的拒绝受到的关注却少得多。在这篇论文中，我反对最近一些公约的捍卫者，认为 Shacknove 声称应拒绝异化条件是正确的。在我看来，如果他们越过边界就会获得难民身份的人，