The Kantian theory of private law, as Ernest Weinrib and Arthur Ripstein have developed it over the last two decades, is based on a fundamental normative truth, viz., no person is subordinate or superior to another person. Kantians construe any attempt to understand and justify the distribution of the rights-claims and rights-liberties that constitute private law in terms of aggregate welfare and/or distributive justice, as a deep category mistake. This essay outlines a ‘semi-Kantian’ theory of private law, which is like Kant’s in that it understands private law as a means of instituting and protecting private freedom. Yet, semi-Kantians insist that the choice between different private law programs, which respect private freedom equally well, can at times be justified by considerations of aggregate welfare and distributive justice, as well as other considerations that concern the impact on society as a whole.

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福利与自由：走向半康德的私法理论

康德私法理论，正如 Ernest Weinrib 和 Arthur Ripstein 在过去 20 年中发展起来的那样，基于一个基本的规范真理，即没有人从属于或优于另一个人。康德主义者将任何试图从总体福利和/或分配正义的角度来理解和证明构成私法的权利要求和权利自由的分配是一个深层次的错误。本文概述了一种“半康德式”的私法理论，它与康德的一样，将私法理解为建立和保护私人自由的手段。然而，半康德主义者坚持认为，在同样尊重私人自由的不同私法计划之间进行选择，有时可以通过综合福利和分配正义的考虑来证明，