In Speech Matters, Seana Shiffrin claims that certain lies should be tolerated on grounds of political inclusiveness. If political equality requires perfect compliance with fair terms of social cooperation, and if lying violates those terms, then liars might be at risk of losing their standing as political equals. To avoid that draconian result requires accommodation of moral imperfections, including some lies. In response, I argue that Shiffrin’s view may have broader implications for requirements of sincerity under non-ideal political conditions. In some circumstances, where there is widespread defection from fair terms of cooperation, lying might be a moral but not a political wrong.

中文翻译：

---

说谎是政治错误

在 Speech Matters 中，Seana Shiffrin 声称，出于政治包容性的考虑，应该容忍某些谎言。如果政治平等要求完全遵守社会合作的公平条款，而如果说谎违反了这些条款，那么说谎者可能会面临失去政治平等地位的风险。为了避免这种严酷的结果，需要包容道德缺陷，包括一些谎言。作为回应，我认为 Shiffrin 的观点可能对非理想政治条件下的诚意要求有更广泛的影响。在某些情况下，普遍存在违背公平合作条款的情况，说谎可能是道德上的错误，但不是政治上的错误。