abstractMetaphor and metonymy are likely the most common forms of non-literal language. As metaphor and metonymy differ conceptually and in how easy they are to comprehend, it seems likely that they also differ in their degree of non-literalness. They frequently occur in idioms which are foremost non-literal, fixed expressions. Given that non-literalness seems to be the defining criterion of what constitutes an idiom, it is striking that no study so far has focused specifically on differing non-literalness in idioms. It is unclear whether and how metaphoric and metonymic structures and their properties are perceived in idioms, given that the comprehension of idioms is driven by a number of other properties that are connected. This study divides idioms according to their metonymic or metaphoric structure and lets participants rate their non-literalness, familiarity, and transparency. It focuses on non-literalness as key property, finds it strongly connected to transparency, and to be the one key factor in predicting idiom type. Specifically, it reveals that metonymies are generally perceived as rather or even extremely literal, while metaphors are generally perceived as highly non-literal.

中文翻译：

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转喻比隐喻更直接：来自德国成语评级的证据

摘要隐喻和转喻可能是最常见的非字面语言形式。由于隐喻和转喻在概念上以及它们的理解难易程度不同，因此它们的非字面性程度似乎也不同。它们经常出现在最重要的非字面、固定表达的成语中。鉴于非字面性似乎是成语构成的定义标准，令人惊讶的是，迄今为止还没有研究专门关注成语中不同的非字面性。鉴于对成语的理解是由许多其他相关属性驱动的，因此尚不清楚在成语中是否以及如何感知隐喻和转喻结构及其属性。本研究根据转喻或隐喻结构划分成语，让参与者评价它们的非字面性，熟悉度和透明度。它将非字面性作为关键属性，发现它与透明度密切相关，并且是预测成语类型的一个关键因素。具体来说，它揭示了转喻通常被认为是相当或什至是非常字面的，而隐喻通常被认为是高度非字面的。