This paper reports on patterns of sociolinguistic variation and change in Manchester'sgooseandgoatvowels on the basis of the acoustic analysis of 122 speakers, stratified by age, gender, socioeconomic status, and ethnicity.Goosefronting is an internal change showing little social differentiation, except before /l/ as inschoolandpool, where, in contrast to most other dialects of English,gooseshows advanced fronting inversely correlated with socioeconomic status.Goatfronting, on the other hand, is a change brought from outside the dialect by the highest status groups, displaying a pattern of monotonic social stratification, a female lead, and a strong effect of ethnicity. The role of attitudes toward the community in the realization of the vowels is compared with the effect of social class construed in terms of distances between social groups. Social class turns out to be a better predictor, suggesting that the role of attitudes and identity may be overestimated in research eschewing a systematic exploration of social class at the same time.

中文翻译：

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阶级问题：鹅和山羊的社会语言学曼彻斯特英语

本文报道了曼彻斯特大学社会语言学变异和变化的模式鹅和山羊基于对 122 位说话者的声学分析，按年龄、性别、社会经济地位和种族分层的元音。鹅fronting 是一种内部变化，显示出很少的社会差异，除了 /l/ 之前，如学校和水池，与大多数其他英语方言相比，鹅显示前沿与社会经济地位负相关。山羊而fronting则是地位最高的群体从方言之外带来的变化，呈现出社会分层单调、女性主导、种族效应强烈的格局。对社区的态度在元音实现中的作用与根据社会群体之间的距离来解释的社会等级的影响进行了比较。社会阶层被证明是一个更好的预测指标，这表明态度和身份的作用可能在研究中被高估了，同时避开了对社会阶层的系统探索。