To identify how contextual usage frequency and lexical frequency interact when controlling for traditional linguistic constraints, this study analyzes the effect of frequency on (ING), taking into account a word's frequent context of occurrence. The data consist of 13,167 tokens of (ING) from interviews with 132 speakers conducted in Raleigh, North Carolina. Results from mixed-effect logistic regression show a strong effect of frequency on the realization of (ING), and this effect interacts with phonological context of occurrence. Frequent occurrence in environments that favor-inamplify the effect of lexical frequency; conversely, frequent occurrence in environments that favor–ingdampen the effect of overall frequency. Frequency also interacts with year of birth, showing an entrenchment of high-frequency words, lagging behind the community change toward the–ingvariant in apparent time. Overall, these findings support the usage-based position of frequency effects as the result of a dynamic interplay between context of use and cognitive systems.

中文翻译：

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词汇频率和上下文频率之间的动态相互作用：（ING）的案例研究

为了确定在控制传统语言约束时上下文使用频率和词汇频率如何相互作用，本研究分析了频率对 (ING) 的影响，同时考虑了单词的频繁出现上下文。该数据由在北卡罗来纳州罗利市对 132 位演讲者进行的采访中获得的 13,167 个 (ING) 代币组成。混合效应逻辑回归的结果显示频率对 (ING) 的实现有很强的影响，并且这种影响与发生的语音上下文相互作用。在有利于环境的情况下经常发生-在放大词汇频率的影响；相反，经常发生在有利于-ing抑制整体频率的影响。频率也与出生年份相互作用，显示出高频词的根深蒂固，落后于社区向-ing明显时间的变体。总体而言，这些发现支持频率效应的基于使用的位置，这是使用环境和认知系统之间动态相互作用的结果。