What almost all accounts of standardisation histories have in common is a focus on printed, formal or literary texts from writing elites. While Haugen identified the written form of a language as “a significant and probably crucial requirement for a standard language” (Haugen in Am Anthropol 68:922–935, 1966a ; Haugen, in: Bright (ed) Sociolinguistics, The Hague: Mouton, 1966b : 929; cf. also Haugen, in: Asher (ed) The encyclopedia of language and linguistics, Pergamon, Oxford, 1994 : 4340), and while print certainly constitutes an important instrument for the dissemination of codified norms, it remains to be established what role hand-written texts played in standardisation processes. In nineteenth-century Europe, mass-literacy, which is generally seen as a precondition of standardisation processes, was only possible because large parts (or even the majority) of the population learnt to write (and read) hand-written texts. In the vast volume of private texts that were produced during the various wars and emigration waves of the nineteenth century, not only codified norms, but also (regional) norms of usage were widely transmitted. Private letters and diaries, in particular, have proved to be a valuable text source for the investigation of such norms and their diffusion (cf. Elspaß, in: Hernández-Campoy, Conde-Silvestre (eds) The handbook of historical sociolinguistics. Wiley-Blackwell, Chichester, 2012 ). With examples from a corpus of German emigrant letters, the present contribution will try to demonstrate that grammatical norms of usage which were literally not visible in printed texts at the time, but which are now considered standard, formed part of the standardisation process of German.

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替代标准化历史的替代数据来源

几乎所有关于标准化历史的描述都有一个共同点，即关注来自写作精英的印刷、正式或文学文本。虽然 Haugen 将语言的书面形式确定为“对标准语言的重要且可能至关重要的要求”（Haugen in Am Anthropol 68:922-935, 1966a ; Haugen, in: Bright (ed) Sociolinguistics, The Hague: Mouton, 1966b : 929；也参见 Haugen，在：Asher (ed) The encyclopedia of language andlanguages, Pergamon, Oxford, 1994 : 4340)，虽然印刷品确实是传播编纂规范的重要工具，但它仍有待于确定了手写文本在标准化过程中的作用。在 19 世纪的欧洲，大众识字，通常被视为标准化过程的先决条件，之所以成为可能，是因为大部分（甚至大多数）人口学会了书写（和阅读）手写文本。在 19 世纪各种战争和移民浪潮中产生的大量私人文本中，不仅有编纂的规范，而且（区域）使用规范也被广泛传播。特别是私人信件和日记，已被证明是研究此类规范及其传播的宝贵文本来源（参见 Elspaß，在：Hernández-Campoy, Conde-Silvestre (eds) 历史社会语言学手册。Wiley-布莱克威尔，奇切斯特，2012 年）。通过来自德国移民信件语料库的例子，本贡献将试图证明当时在印刷文本中实际上看不到但现在被认为是标准的语法使用规范，