Since its publication in 2001, the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) has become a highly influential means of describing language proficiency. Its spread has, however, been marked by contradictions, since the framework has been appropriated in the service of a variety of different policy agendas. In this paper, I argue that such contradictions are indicative of broader ideological contrasts, which may impact how the framework is implemented at the local scale. By drawing on critical discourse analysis and conceptual history, I analyse a set of recent language policy texts from Thailand and Malaysia, two Asian contexts where CEFR has recently been introduced, to examine how such global ideological struggles connect with local agendas. I find that CEFR has in these multilingual contexts been embedded into a bilingual policy agenda which foregrounds the national language (Thai or Bahasa Malaysia) and English while backgrounding other languages. This means that CEFR was detached from the agenda of the Council of Europe, with the recontextualization of CEFR shown to have been a selective process in which the only part to be consistently transferred were the CEFR levels, which were in this decontextualised form presented as a transnational standard. I argue that these patterns are indicative of a struggle between the global agenda of ELT and its roots in the ideology of neoliberalism, that underlies much of the worldwide spread of CEFR, and a local nationalist agenda attempting to appropriate the framework for its own purposes.

中文翻译：

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本地问题和全球解决方案：检查泰国和马来西亚语言政策中 CEFR 的重新语境化

自 2001 年出版以来，欧洲语言共同参考框架 (CEFR) 已成为一种极具影响力的描述语言能力的手段。然而，它的传播以矛盾为标志，因为该框架已被用于为各种不同的政策议程服务。在本文中，我认为这种矛盾表明了更广泛的意识形态对比，这可能会影响该框架在地方范围内的实施方式。通过利用批判性话语分析和概念历史，我分析了最近引入 CEFR 的两个亚洲背景——泰国和马来西亚的一组近期语言政策文本，以研究这种全球意识形态斗争如何与当地议程联系起来。我发现 CEFR 在这些多语言环境中已被嵌入到双语政策议程中，该议程以民族语言（泰语或马来西亚语）和英语为背景，同时以其他语言为背景。这意味着 CEFR 脱离了欧洲委员会的议程，CEFR 的重新背景化被证明是一个选择性过程，其中唯一要始终如一地转移的是 CEFR 级别，这些级别以这种去背景化的形式呈现为跨国标准。我认为，这些模式表明 ELT 的全球议程与其在新自由主义意识形态中的根源之间的斗争，这是 CEFR 在全球范围内传播的基础，以及试图将框架用于其自身目的的地方民族主义议程。