This paper explores the interaction between linguistic landscapes and language policies of the Old Quarter in Hanoi, Vietnam to investigate how legislated and de facto language policies come together to create lived monolingualism, multilingualism and hybridity in language displays in public spaces. Our research focuses on language policies as both text and practice and shows how practices in the linguistic landscape manoeuvre and bend around multiple, overlapping and conflicting legislated policies to embrace broader discourses. We conclude that dynamic understandings of multiple language policies at work in the linguistic landscape provide a crucial lens for understanding the roles of national languages, foreign languages and language invisibility.

中文翻译：

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越南河内老城区的公共空间语言和语言政策：对互动的动态理解

本文探讨了越南河内老城区的语言景观与语言政策之间的相互作用，以研究立法和事实上的语言政策如何结合在一起，在公共场所的语言展示中创造鲜活的单语、多语和混合。我们的研究侧重于作为文本和实践的语言政策，并展示语言景观中的实践如何围绕多重、重叠和冲突的立法政策进行操纵和弯曲，以接受更广泛的话语。我们得出的结论是，对在语言环境中起作用的多种语言政策的动态理解为理解民族语言、外语和语言隐性的作用提供了一个重要的视角。