This paper presents an analysis of the English instrumental markers with and 15 verbal use. As with other thematic roles, the semantic generalizations encoded by the role Instrument have been difficult to precisely characterize. In this study, we analyze the distinct semantic contributions of with and use, illuminating several properties of instrumental meaning. In particular, use specifies that the agent must act intentionally, which we formalize as universal quantification over possible 20 worlds within a Montague-style compositional framework. By contrast, with encodes a constraint whereby an instrument is a direct extension of the force initiated by the agent. This analysis is most consistent with theories in which thematic roles are clusters of event properties, rather than categories defined in terms of necessary and sufficient conditions; our analysis does not make use of Instrument as a primi25 tive role.

中文翻译：

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工具意义的成分

本文介绍了与15种口头用法结合使用的英语工具标记。与其他主题角色一样，角色Instrument所编码的语义概括也很难精确表征。在这项研究中，我们分析了with和use的不同语义贡献，阐明了工具含义的几个属性。特别是，使用指定代理必须有意采取行动，我们将其正式化为蒙塔古式构成框架中可能存在的20个世界的普遍量化。相比之下，使用编码约束是一种手段，其中一种手段是由代理人发起的力量的直接延伸。该分析与理论主题最一致，在理论中主题角色是事件属性的群集，而不是根据必要条件和充分条件定义的类别；