In American English, the intensifier totally presents a PRAGMATIC use, in which it strengthens the speaker’s commitment towards the utterance (e.g. ‘The Bulls will totally make the playoffs’). This use has received considerably less attention than the canonical LEXICAL contribution of the adverb (e.g. ‘the glass is totally full’). First, I rely on three acceptability studies to show that pragmatic totally is used only in discourse moves that allow for the possibility of not adding p to the Common Ground of the conversation—that is, subjective, outlandish and responsive assertions. Second, I propose that totally flags speaker’s meta-conversational belief that every continuation of the exchange should involve the addition of p, framing the analysis within Farkas & Bruce (2010)’s discourse model. The proposal allows us to account in a unified way for the different effects that pragmatic totally contributes, highlighting the intensifier as a window into how declarative sentences with different kinds of content—subjective, objective, outlandish—structure the conversation.

中文翻译：

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完全在主体性和话语之间。探索集约化的务实面。

在美式英语中，增强器完全代表了PRAGMATIC的用法，在其中增强了说话者对发声的承诺（例如“公牛队将完全进入季后赛”）。与副词的规范LEXICAL贡献（例如，“玻璃杯已满”）相比，这种用法受到的关注要少得多。首先，我依靠三项可接受性研究表明，语用完全仅用于话语动作中，从而允许不将p添加到对话的共同点上，即主观，怪异和响应性断言。其次，我建议完全标记演讲者的元对话信念，即交流的每次继续都应涉及p的加法，从而将分析框架化为Farkas＆Bruce（2010）的话语模型。