Projective content is utterance content that a speaker may be taken to be committed to even when the expression associated with the content occurs embedded under an entailment-canceling operator (e.g., Chierchia and McConnell-Ginet 1990). It has long been observed that projective content varies in how projective it is (e.g., Karttunen 1971; Simons 2001; Abusch 2010), though preliminary experimental research has been able to confirm only some of the intuitions about projection variability (e.g., Smith and Hall 2011; Xue and Onea 2011). Given the sparse empirical evidence for projection variability, the first goal of this paper was to investigate projection variability for projective content associated with 19 expressions of American English. The second goal was to explore the hypothesis, called the Gradient Projection Principle, that content projects to the extent that it is not at-issue. The findings of two pairs of experiments provide robust empirical evidence for projection variability and for the Gradient Projection Principle. We show that many analyses of projection cannot account for the observed projection variability and discuss the implications of our finding that projective content varies in its atissueness for an empirically adequate analysis of projection.

中文翻译：

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投射内容的投射力如何？投射性和不良性方面的梯度

投射性内容是即使与内容相关联的表达嵌入到包含取消项的运算符下时，说话者也可以将其承诺的发话内容（例如Chierchia和McConnell-Ginet 1990）。长期以来，人们一直观察到投射内容在投射方式上会有所不同（例如Karttunen 1971； Simons 2001； Abusch 2010），尽管初步的实验研究只能证实有关投射变异性的一些直觉（例如Smith和Hall）。 2011；薛和奥妮（2011）。考虑到投影变异性的稀疏经验证据，本文的首要目标是研究与19种美国英语表达相关的投影内容的投影变异性。第二个目标是探索被称为“梯度投影原理”的假设，该内容的突出程度在于它不是问题。两对实验的发现为投影变异性和梯度投影原理提供了有力的经验证据。我们表明，许多投影分析无法解释观察到的投影变异性，并讨论了我们的发现，即投影内容在其不正确性方面会发生变化，从而对投影进行经验上足够的分析。